本栏目今天着重介绍索引+explain,为需要面试的准备。
mysql视频教程栏目今天着重介绍索引+explain,为需要面试的准备。
免费推荐:mysql视频教程 一、索引的介绍
二、MySQL中索引的分类
三、索引的基本操作1、给表添加索引create table t_index(
id int not null auto_increment,
title varchar(30) not null default '',
email varchar(30) not null default '',
primary key(id),
unique key uni_email(email) ,
key key_title(title)
)engine=innodb charset=utf8;查看表
mysql> desc t_index; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | title | varchar(30) | NO | MUL | | | | email | varchar(30) | NO | UNI | | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec) 查看表的创建语句
mysql> show create table t_index/G;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '/G' at line 1
mysql> show create table t_index\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t_index
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t_index` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`email` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `uni_email` (`email`),
KEY `key_title` (`title`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified2、删除索引
注意: mysql> alter table t_index drop primary key; ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key 主键不一定是自增长,但是自增长一定是主键。 删除逐渐之前先要把主键索引的自增长去掉。 mysql> alter table t_index modify id int not null; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 再来删除主键 mysql> alter table t_index drop primary key; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
实际操作 mysql> alter table t_index drop key uni_email; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> alter table t_index drop key key_title; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 3、添加索引alter table t_index add key key_title(title); alter table t_index add key uni_email(email); alter table t_index add primary key(id); 4、有无索引对比create table article( id int not null auto_increment, no_index int, title varchar(30) not null default '', add_time datetime, primary key(id) ); 插入数据 mysql> insert into article(id,title,add_time) values(null,'ddsd1212123d',now()); mysql> insert into article(title,add_time) select title,now() from article; Query OK, 10 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 10 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> update article set no_index=id; 有无索引查询数据对比 mysql> select * from article where no_index=1495298; +---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ | id | no_index | title | add_time | +---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ | 1495298 | 1495298 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | +---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.28 sec) mysql> select * from article where id=1495298; +---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ | id | no_index | title | add_time | +---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ | 1495298 | 1495298 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | +---------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) 表结构 mysql> show create table article\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: article
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `article` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`no_index` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`add_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1572824 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified四、explain分析使用explain可以对sql语句进行分析到底有没有使用到索引查询,从而更好的优化它. 我们只需要在select语句前面加上一句explain或者desc. 1、语法
2、分析用刚才的两个有无索引对比看看 mysql> mysql> explain select * from article where no_index=1495298\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE//单表查询
table: article//查询的表名
partitions: NULL
type: ALL//索引的类型,从好到坏的情况是:system>const>range>index>All
possible_keys: NULL//可能使用到的索引
key: NULL//实际使用到的索引
key_len: NULL//索引的长度
ref: NULL
rows: 1307580//可能进行扫描表的行数
filtered: 10.00
Extra: Using where
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specifiedmysql> explain select * from article where id=1495298\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: const//当对主键索引进行等值查询的时候出现const
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: PRIMARY//实际使用到的所有primary索引
key_len: 4//索引的长度4 = int占4个字节
ref: const
rows: 1//所扫描的行数只有一行
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified3、explain的type项分析type项从优到差依次排序:
实际测试 mysql> use mysql;
mysql> explain select * from user\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: user
partitions: NULL
type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 3
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> use test;
mysql> explain select * from article where id=666666\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: const
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: PRIMARY
key_len: 4
ref: const
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULLmysql> explain select * from article where id>666666\G; mysql> explain select * from article where id<666666\G; mysql> explain select id from article \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: index
possible_keys: NULL
key: PRIMARY
key_len: 4
ref: NULL
rows: 1307580
filtered: 100.00
Extra: Using index
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified如果查询的字段在索引文件存在,那么就会直接从索引文件中进行查询,我们把这种查询称之为索引覆盖查询。 出现all,我们需要避免,因为进行全面扫描。 对于出现all的,可以给该字段增加普通索引查询 mysql> alter table article add key key_no_index(no_index);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.92 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
type为ref,应该是关联,但是ref是const
mysql> explain select * from article where no_index=666666\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: ref
possible_keys: key_no_index
key: key_no_index
key_len: 5
ref: const
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
速度飞跃
mysql> select * from article where no_index=666666;
+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
| id | no_index | title | add_time |
+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
| 666666 | 666666 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:55 |
+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)4、使用索引的场景1、 经常出现在where后面的字段,我们需要给他加索引2、order by 语句使用索引的优化mysql> explain select * from article order by id\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: index
possible_keys: NULL
key: PRIMARY
key_len: 4
ref: NULL
rows: 1307580
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
mysql> explain select * from article where id >0 order by id\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: range
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: PRIMARY
key_len: 4
ref: NULL
rows: 653790
filtered: 100.00
Extra: Using where
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified可以看出,即使是使用了索引但是几乎还是全表扫描。 加了where就少了一半 3、针对like的模糊查询索引的优化where title like ‘%keyword%’ ====>全表扫描 where title like ‘keyword%’ ===>会使用到索引查询 给title加上铺索引 mysql> alter table article add key key_index(title);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (2.16 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show create table article\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: article
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `article` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`no_index` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`add_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `key_no_index` (`no_index`),
KEY `key_index` (`title`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1507299 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)因为%没有出现在like关键字查询的最左边,所以可以使用到索引查询 只要是like左边出现了%,就是全表查询 mysql> explain select * from article where title like 'a%'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: range//范围查询
possible_keys: key_index
key: key_index
key_len: 92//
ref: NULL
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: Using index condition
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from article where title like '%a%'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: ALL//全表查询
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 1307580
filtered: 11.11
Extra: Using where
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)4、limit语句的索引使用优化针对于limit语句的优化,我们可以在它前面加order by 索引字段 如果order by的字段是索引,会先去索引文件中查找指定行数的数据 mysql> explain select sql_no_cache * from article limit 90000,10 \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: ALL//全表
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 1307580
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
mysql> explain select sql_no_cache * from article order by id limit 90000,10 \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: index
possible_keys: NULL
key: PRIMARY//使用到了索引
key_len: 4
ref: NULL
rows: 90010
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified另外一种针对于limit的优化方法: 索引覆盖+延时关联 原理:主要利用索引覆盖查询,把覆盖索引查询返回的id作为与我们要查询记录的id进行相关联, mysql> select sql_no_cache * from article limit 1000000,10; +---------+----------+----------------+---------------------+ | id | no_index | title | add_time | +---------+----------+----------------+---------------------+ | 1196579 | 1196579 | ddsd12123123ad | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196580 | 1196580 | ddsd121231ad | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196581 | 1196581 | ddsd1212123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196582 | 1196582 | ddsd1123123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196583 | 1196583 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196584 | 1196584 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196585 | 1196585 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196586 | 1196586 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196587 | 1196587 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | | 1196588 | 1196588 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:56 | +---------+----------+----------------+---------------------+ 10 rows in set, 1 warning (0.21 sec) mysql> select t1.* from article as t1 inner join (select id as pid from article limit 10000,10) as t2 on t1.id=t2.pid; +-------+----------+----------------+---------------------+ | id | no_index | title | add_time | +-------+----------+----------------+---------------------+ | 13058 | 13058 | ddsd12123123ad | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13059 | 13059 | ddsd121231ad | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13060 | 13060 | ddsd1212123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13061 | 13061 | ddsd1123123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13062 | 13062 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13063 | 13063 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13064 | 13064 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13065 | 13065 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13066 | 13066 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | | 13067 | 13067 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:49 | +-------+----------+----------------+---------------------+ 10 rows in set (0.00 sec) 5、复合(多列)索引的最左原则(面试经常问)只要查询的时候出现复合索引的最左边的字段才会使用到索引查询 把article表的no_index和title建立复合索引: //给no_index和title创建一个复合索引
mysql> alter table article add key index_no_index_title(no_index,title);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.18 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
//查看创建后的结构
mysql> show create table article\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: article
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `article` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`no_index` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`add_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `key_no_index` (`no_index`),
KEY `key_index` (`title`),
KEY `index_no_index_title` (`no_index`,`title`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1507299 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//删除no_index和title的索引
mysql> alter table article drop key key_index;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table article drop key key_no_index;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show create table article\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: article
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `article` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`no_index` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`title` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`add_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `index_no_index_title` (`no_index`,`title`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1507299 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//复合索引使用情况
mysql> explain select * from article where title='ddsd1123d' and no_index=77777\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: ref
possible_keys: index_no_index_title
key: index_no_index_title
key_len: 97
ref: const,const
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from article where no_index=77777\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: article
partitions: NULL
type: ref
possible_keys: index_no_index_title
key: index_no_index_title
key_len: 5
ref: const
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)五、慢查询日志1、介绍我们可以定义(程序员)一个sql语句执行的最大执行时间,如果发现某条sql语句的执行时间超过我们所规定的时间界限,那么这条sql就会被记录下来. 2、慢查询具体操作
六、profile工具1、介绍通过profile工具分析一条sql语句的时间消耗在哪里 2、具体操作
实例: //查看profile设置 mysql> show variables like '%profil%'; +------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------+-------+ | have_profiling | YES | | profiling | OFF |//未开启状态 | profiling_history_size | 15 | +------------------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) //开启操作 mysql> set profiling = on; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) //查看是否开启成功 mysql> show variables like '%profil%'; +------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------+-------+ | have_profiling | YES | | profiling | ON |//开启成功 | profiling_history_size | 15 | +------------------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 具体查询 mysql> select * from article where no_index=666666; +--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ | id | no_index | title | add_time | +--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ | 666666 | 666666 | ddsd1123d | 2019-05-15 23:13:55 | +--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec) mysql> show profiles; +----------+------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Query_ID | Duration | Query | +----------+------------+---------------------------------------------+ | 1 | 0.00150700 | show variables like '%profil%' | | 2 | 0.01481100 | select * from article where no_index=666666 | +----------+------------+---------------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> show profile for query 2; +----------------------+----------+ | Status | Duration | +----------------------+----------+ | starting | 0.000291 | | checking permissions | 0.000007 | | Opening tables | 0.012663 |//打开表 | init | 0.000050 | | System lock | 0.000009 | | optimizing | 0.000053 | | statistics | 0.001566 | | preparing | 0.000015 | | executing | 0.000002 | | Sending data | 0.000091 |//磁盘上的发送数据 | end | 0.000004 | | query end | 0.000007 | | closing tables | 0.000006 | | freeing items | 0.000037 | | cleaning up | 0.000010 | +----------------------+----------+ 15 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec) 以上就是详解MySQL 索引+explain的详细内容,更多请关注模板之家(www.mb5.com.cn)其它相关文章! |
